a. compression of the lower esophagus by an overfilled stomach
b. retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant to open
c. irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food
d. reflux of acid chyme from the stomach into the lower esophagus
e. secretion of acid by the lining of the lower esophagus

Filed under: Heartburn Causes

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